Microsoft Bob, Microsoft Office Assistant, BonziBuddy

G4TV. (n.d.). Attack of the Clippy! Archived from https://archive.org/details/g4tv.com-video4080

McCracken, H. (2010, March 31). The bob chronicles. PCWorld.

Office 97 Enterprise Airlift Demonstration, The Office Assistant. Retrieved 2026, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NedMxwWlDPE.

UMG Recordings, Inc. to Pay $400,000, Bonzi Software, Inc. To Pay $75,000 to Settle COPPA Civil Penalty Charges. (2004, February 18). Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved 2026, from https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2004/02/umg-recordings-inc-pay-400000-bonzi-software-inc-pay-75000-settle-coppa-civil-penalty-charges.

Welcome to BONZI.COM! (2008, May 11) www.bonzi.com. Archived from https://web.archive.org/web/20080511204823/http://www.bonzi.com/bonziportal/index.asp

Welcome to Microsoft Agent (2002, February 7) Microsoft Agent. Archived from https://web.archive.org/web/20030121174343/http://www.microsoft.com/products/msagent/

Price, Bayes, Laplace

Bayes, T. (1763). LII. an essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. by the late Rev. Mr. Bayes, F. R. S. Communicated by Mr. Price, in a letter to John Canton, A. M. F. R. S. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, (53), 370–418. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1763.0053 

Stigler, S. M. (1986). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

NASA & Project Vista

Barry, M. (1996, January 31). Project Vista: Managing the Display of Complex Information. Rockwell Scientific Company. Archived from https://web.archive.org/web/20010805002335/http://www.rpal.rockwell.com/~barry/vista.html

Barry, M., Horvitz, E., Ruokangas, C., & Srinivas, S. (1994). Vista Goes Online: Decision-Analytic Systems for Real-Time Decision-Making in Mission Control. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual NASA Goddard Conference on Space Applications of Artificial Intelligence.

Horvitz, E., & Barry, M. (1995). Display of Information for Time-Critical Decision Making. Proceedings of Eleventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 296–305.

Horvitz, E., Ruokangas, C., Srinivas, S., & Barry, M. (1992). A Decision-Theoretic Approach to the Display of Information for Time-Critical Decisions: The Vista Project. Proceedings of SOAR-92.

Project Lumiere

Demonstration of Lumiere. (1995). Microsoft Research. Retrieved 2026, from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/video/demonstration-of-lumiere-1995/.

Heckerman, D., & Horvitz, E. (1998). Inferring Informational Goals from Free-Text Queries: A Bayesian Approach. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 230–237.

Horvitz, E. (n.d.). Lumiere: Bayesian reasoning, user modeling, and Automated Assistance. Eric Horvitz. http://erichorvitz.com/lum.htm

Horvitz, E., Breese, J., Heckerman, D., Hovel, D., & Rommelse, K. (1998). The Lumiere Project: Bayesian User Modeling for Inferring the Goals and Needs of Software Users. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence.

Son of paperclip. (2001, March 24). The Economist.

CASA

Fortunati, L., & Edwards, A. (2021). Moving ahead with human-machine communication. Human-Machine Communication, 2, 7–28. https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.2.1

Gambino, A., Fox, J., & Ratan, R. (2020). Building a stronger Casa: Extending the computers are Social Actors paradigm. Human-Machine Communication, 1, 71–86. https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.1.5

Griffin, E. (n.d.). Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass on The Media Equation . A First Look at Communication Theory. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26BclMJQUwo

Heyselaar, E. (2023). The casa theory no longer applies to desktop computers. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46527-9

Kaptelinin, V., & Dalli, K. C. (2025). Understanding contextual framing: A nonessentialist perspective on social interactions with technological artifacts. 2025 20th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), 1121–1130. https://doi.org/10.1109/hri61500.2025.10974062

Lanier, J. (1995). Agents of alienation. Interactions, 2(3), 66–72.

Lombard, M., & Xu, K. (2021). Social responses to media technologies in the 21st century: The media are Social Actors paradigm. Human-Machine Communication, 2, 29–55. https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.2.2

Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000). Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers. Journal of Social Issues, 56(1), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00153

Nass, C., & Reeves, B. (1996). The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. CSLI Publications, Cambridge University Press, 19–36.

Nass, C., Steuer, J., & Tauber, E. R. (1994). Computers are social actors. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1145/191666.191703

Shneiderman, B. (1995). Looking for the bright side of User Interface Agents. Interactions, 2(1), 13–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/208143.208150

Swartz, L. (2003). WHY PEOPLE HATE THE PAPERCLIP: LABELS, APPEARANCE, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL RESPONSES TO USER INTERFACE AGENTS.

Microsoft

Bowden, Z. (2025, October 23). Microsoft’s new copilot has a secret: it can turn into clippy, if you know how. Windows Central.

Comes v. Microsoft Corp. (https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/403/897/2490861/ November 22, 2005).

Finish Line Features. (2015). CODE: Debugging the Gender Gap [Film].

Gates, B. (1998, May 20). We’re defending our right to innovate. The Wall Street Journal.

Hu, J. (2001, June 7). Microsoft messaging tactics recall browser wars. CNET.

Levin, S. (2017, May 1). Facebook told advertisers it can identify teens feeling 'insecure' and 'worthless'. The Guardian

Markoff, J. (1996, July 16). Tomorrow, the world wide web!;Microsoft, the pc king, wants to reign over the internet. The New York Times.

Microsoft’s j/direct called death of java. (1997, June 1). Infoworld.

Richtel, M. (1998, October 22). Memos released in sun-microsoft suit. The New York Times.

United States v. Microsoft Corp. (https://cyber.harvard.edu/msdoj/transcript/ May 18, 1998).